Executive Officer Chris Duffy looking over the planned survey for the day
Executive Officer (XO) Chris Duffy greeted me as I climbed the stairs to the bridge with, โThe best job on the boat!โ and then promptly asked if I wanted to drive the ship. I asked for a tour of the bridge first. He pointed out the main engine and auxiliary engine and then spoke about how it was especially beneficial to use the auxiliary engine in tight spaces for a finer control of the ship. He also pointed out the shipโs communication system including two radios and then he showed me the two radars. There are two different radars and each works with a different frequency. One is a higher frequency (X-band with a frequency of about 10 GHz) and one is lower (S-band which is around 3 GHz). The X-band radar is used for collision avoidance and can even help identify some weather patterns like rain that is coming in. The S-band radar is used more to see bigger things like large ships further away or in bad weather. I was surprised by how easily the ship turned under my hand. I was only making adjustments of 5-15 degrees from the center of the ship and yet she turned around easily and quickly.
View from the Bridge
Then, he showed me the navigation system. It is possible to control the ship โin handโ and that means a person is controlling the shipโs motion instead of the computer. There is also an โautoโ feature, which can set the ship on a heading and the ship will continue on that heading forever or until someone gives the shipโs computer another parameter. And finally, there is a different type of auto navigation, where the ship follows a predetermined path like if you could have your car follow a Google Maps route without having to touch the steering wheel. This setting is referred to as โnav navโ because you press the โnavโ button twice. When this setting is used, the map is usually created by those down in survey because they have two programs running. One is seeing where the SONAR swath has been and they have the software that runs nav nav as well, which is also shown on the bridge.
My chance at the helm
Once I got familiar with the bridge, it was my turn. XO called out angles, โRight 15 degrees rudderโ and I would follow his instructions, and then he would call out another angle, โRight 5 degrees rudder,โ until we got the ship turned around so we could collect the next line of data with the multibeam.
I wasnโt really sure how the angles and the directions were being decided because I couldnโt picture it in my head. So, just like in my own classroom, XO pulled out a whiteboard and gave me a mini-lesson on what he was doing. I thought this would be a good chance to show his teaching in action, so the video of the impromptu lesson is below.
XO’s navigation lesson
Personal Log
Having spent years working with the American Physical Society to recruit physics majors, I am always on the lookout for physics in the real world. National graduation numbers highlight a stark gap: in the 2024โ2025 academic year, only about 8,100 students earned a bachelor’s degree in physics, compared to roughly 141,000 in engineering. Yet, physics graduates are essential for advancing fields like quantum computing, fusion energy, and artificial intelligence.
While I have loved seeing hands-on physics applied across the bridge, survey room, and engine room, I was especially thrilled to meet someone using their physics degree outside of academia: Operations Officer Mark Meadows.
Operations Officer Mark Meadows as he collects a sample from the bottom of the lake
Mark discovered NOAA while completing his undergraduate degree. After participating in a research cruise, he fell in love with life at sea and applied to the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps. The Corps requires officers to hold a college degree with at least 48 semester hours in STEM coursework.
After completing basic officer training, Mark joined NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson as a junior officer, mastering ship handling, watchstanding, and maritime operations. Now in his sixth year with NOAA, he serves as one of two Operations Officers on board, helping lead ship operations and troubleshoot complex challenges.
What Mark loves most is how seamlessly his role blends seamanship with active science. On any given day, NOAA Corps officers work side-by-side with the hydrographic survey teamโdeep in data acquisition, processing, and “sheet” management (how we break down survey areas)โwhile simultaneously steering the ship, running small boats, and leading maritime operations.
Another huge draw of the NOAA Corps is its unique career rotation: officers typically complete a two-year sea assignment followed by a three-year shore assignment. This cycle gives them hands-on experience across the entire agency, allowing them to bring real-world operational insight into land-based research, policy, and management roles before heading back to sea.
Did You Know?
The hydrographic survey crew frequently detects shipwrecks in their multibeam SONAR data. We recently mapped one during our run:
Shipwreck detected by SONARA Shipwreck detected by the SONAR
While raw SONAR images can take a moment to interpret, comparing the structural outlines to a ship’s internal frame brings the target into focus. As processing continues, the survey team will clean up the imagery and all the detailed information (location, depth, dimensions of the wreck, imagery, etc.) is packaged up and sent to the State Historical Preservation Office (SHPO). They will then assess whether the wrecks have historical significance.
Mission: Hydrographic Survey Geographic Area of Cruise: Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Date: Friday, June 19, 2026
Weather Data from the Bridge Latitude: 42ยบ54.5โN Longitude: 079ยบ14.6โW Sky Conditions: Sunny Visibility: 10+ miles Wind Speed: 10 Knots Wind Direction: W Dry Bulb: 15.5ยบ C Wet Bulb: 17ยบ C
Science and Technology Log
All Lines Away In High Winds
Before the NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson ever left the Port of Cleveland, the energy on the bridge already reflected that this would not be a routine departure. The navigation team met to review weather forecasts, vessel traffic in the harbor, and the tight physical space of the slip. They walked through the voyage plan for the upcoming transit of the Welland Canal.
The forecast added a layer of challenge: waves building up to 11 feet offshore and wind gusts reaching 40 knots. Even while still tied to the dock, the ship would feel the effects of those winds pushing against the hull. The crew specifically discussed which lines would need to remain in place to best counteract strong winds pushing on the port side. It was a reminder that even leaving the dock is a maneuver that demands planning, not just movement.
After a short rain shower and a two-hour delay, line handlers moved into position along the pier, and the deck team coordinated each step of letting go. The goal was simple in theory but complex in execution. The bridge crew had to free the ship without allowing the stern to swing toward a barge positioned on the starboard side of the ship.
NOAA Corps officers carefully navigate NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson away from the dock at the Port of Cleveland
Every action had timing behind it. Lines were released in a deliberate order, engines were brought in carefully, and the rudder responded in small corrections. At the same time, the bridge team monitored traffic on the Cuyahoga River and ensured communication was successful even though it was made difficult in the wind. Amid all of this, Junior Officer James Hutzenbiler had control of the commands, gaining valuable experience managing a complex departure in high winds and restricted maneuvering space. The situation provided a practical test of shiphandling skills under pressure, reinforcing both decision-making and situational awareness in real-world conditions.
What stood out most was not just the difficulty of the conditions, but how smoothly the crew worked through them. Each person understood their role, anticipated the next step, and supported the overall movement of the ship. It was less about individual actions and more about a shared rhythm.
A Stairway between the Great Lakes
The Welland Canal is one of North Americaโs most impressive feats of marine engineering, linking Lake Ontario and Lake Erie and allowing ships to bypass the powerful and steep Niagara Falls.
The idea of a canal connecting the lakes dates back to the early 19th century, when growing trade made the Niagara Escarpment a major obstacle. The first version of the canal was completed in 1829, but it was narrow, shallow, and quickly outdated as ships grew larger. Over time, the canal was rebuilt and expanded through multiple iterations, with the modern fourth version completed in 1932. Each upgrade reflected advances in engineering and the increasing demands of industrial shipping. Below is an image of the different canal routes over time. The first canal had 40 locks and the current one is down to 8, taking about 9 hours for the Thomas Jefferson to complete.
Image capture from marinetraffic.com of the Thomas Jefferson transiting the Welland Canal.
Transiting the canal is a unique experience for any vessel. Rather than open-water navigation, ships move carefully through a series of eight locks that raise or lower them approximately 326 feet between the two lakes. Each lock demands precision, coordination, and patience. Crews adjust positions and engines in short, controlled bursts to keep the vessel centered as water levels change.
MoorMaster Automated Vacuum Mooring System
Large cargo ships can use MoorMaster automated vacuum mooring systems to hold the ships in place while in the locks.
However, the Thomas Jefferson has too many port holes for the vacuum to attach. This means the crew is constantly on the bridge adjusting controls to keep the ship off the concrete side walls. It takes an extreme amount of teamwork and concentration. The CO (Commanding Officer) and XO (Executive Officer) found that โcrabbingโ the ship in at an angle instead of straight in allows for better control.
Entering vs. leaving Welland Canal lock 7
What stands out most during a transit is the teamwork involved. Every movement onboard is deliberate and communicated clearly. Deckhands, officers, and pilots work in close coordination. Even in tight quarters and changing water levels, there is a steady rhythm to the operation. It is a reminder that successful navigation is not only about technology or infrastructure, but also about people working together with trust and professionalism.
NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson entering a lock on the Welland Canal. (Credit: NOAA)
One of the most impressive aspects of the transit was watching the Junior Officers and Operations Officers navigate the entire 12-hour journey through the Welland Canal with only the supervision of the CO and XO.
Personal Log
The Quiet Influence of Great Leaders
One of the most impressive aspects of my time aboard the ship has not been the technology, the navigation, or even the massive engineering feats we encounter. It has been the culture of learning.
NOAA Corps officers watch from the flying bridge of NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson
From the moment I stepped aboard, I noticed that the ship operates much like a highly effective classroom. Every day presents opportunities to learn, practice, make mistakes, and improve. What makes this environment so successful is the leadership demonstrated by Commanding Officer Kidd and Executive Officer Duffy. They have fostered a culture where learning is woven into every aspect of daily operations.
After every drill, change of conn, and operational briefing, etc. the leadership team takes time to reflect. Rather than immediately telling crew members what they did right or wrong, they observe, listen, and encourage discussion. Team members are asked to evaluate their own performance, identify challenges, and suggest improvements. This process transforms every event into a learning opportunity.
NOAA Corps officers on the bridge of NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson
One example came after Junior Officer James Hutzenbiler successfully guided the ship out of the Port of Cleveland in challenging wind conditions. Once the maneuver was complete, Operations Officer Jessie Spruill gathered the bridge team and asked a simple question: “How do you think that went?” Rather than providing answers, she encouraged the team to analyze their own decisions. The officers discussed what worked well, what could have gone smoother, and what they might do differently next time.
OPS Jessie Spruill then added her own observations and expertise, helping connect their experiences to larger operational concepts. Finally, the XO built upon the discussion, adding further insights and training points that everyone could apply in future situations.
As a teacher, the entire exchange felt remarkably familiar. These are the same instructional strategies educators strive to use in the classroom: reflection, self-assessment, guided discussion, and constructive feedback. The difference is that instead of discussing a math problem or science experiment, the crew was analyzing real-time decisions that affected the safe movement of a ship.
Boarded and Underway
NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson in Port of Cleveland
I would be lying if I said I wasn’t nervous about living on a ship for two weeks. Fortunately, those worries began to fade almost as soon as I stepped aboard.
Junior Officer Bridget Ruiz
One of the biggest reasons was the people. Everyone has been incredibly welcoming and willing to answer questions, offer advice, and help me navigate life at sea. From the very beginning, the crew made me feel less like a visitor and more like part of the team.
I was especially fortunate to be paired with Junior Officer Bridget Ruiz as my roommate. She had just started her leg aboard the ship as well, which meant we were both experiencing many of the same first-day questions and uncertainties. Having someone to attend orientation with, explore the ship alongside, and compare notes made the transition much easier.
The living quarters were also a pleasant surprise. Before arriving, I imagined a small, cramped room with barely enough space to move around. Instead, our stateroom is surprisingly comfortable, complete with dressers, desks, a sink, a mini refrigerator, and closets for storage.
Stateroom
Of course, shipboard life comes with a few unique experiences. Once the waves started rolling, so did the contents of various tanks throughout the vessel, creating an aroma that can only be described as “memorable.”
Despite the occasional smell and the constant motion beneath my feet, I am quickly settling into the rhythm of shipboard life. Between the incredible views, delicious meals, comfortable accommodations, and supportive crew, I can easily see how people come to love this lifestyle. After only a short time aboard, the ship is already beginning to feel like home.
Did You Know?
The tallest wave recorded on Lake Erie was a 22-foot seiche in 1844, and it killed 78 people.
Navigating NOAA Ship Oregon II is at once one of the most important and complex tasks on board. It is in motion 24 hours a day and must have skilled individuals to keep the crew safe and accomplish the mission of the survey. I spoke with Commander Adam Reed, Acting Commanding Officer, and Lieutenant Commander Rachel Pryor, Executive Officer, about this task.
Oregon II operates on two engines with one propeller (prop). It has a controllable pitch prop. This means that the pitch of the blades can be changed in order to change speed or even reverse the direction of the ship. The rudder turns the ship to port or starboard. There are also bow thrusters that turn the bow one way or the other.
There are a variety of devices that the navigator uses to know where the ship is, and to stay on course. They have two different GPS devices, in case one goes out. Additionally, they have a magnetic compass as well as a gyrocompass.
A storm and cruise ship off near Jacksonville, FL.
There are two radar units to see where other ships are and to get detailed weather information. One unit is more precise than the other but may pick up rain storms which may interfere with spotting ships. The other unit will still work in that situation.
When navigating, it is important to not just maintain the correct heading but also monitor course over ground. Even though the ship is heading in the right direction it can be pulled off course by the water currents and winds. This is very important to keep in mind not only across long distances but also when approaching the high flyer to pick up the longline. They must approach at a 90ยฐ angle and then turn to follow the longline. This is a fairly precise maneuver that is affected by both wind and current.
The bridge. This is where NOAA Corps officers navigate Oregon II.
One important factor affecting the operation of the ship is the weather. Careful consideration of any weather conditions must be factored into any decisions made. No one is allowed on the deck if there are winds of 25 knots or more, waves of 4-5 feet, or lightning within 25 miles. Weather information is always monitored through five different sources. Decisions must be made while consulting and comparing different sources of data.
Executive Officer Rachel Pryor explained that there are two types of weather patterns to keep in mind when considering operations. The first are small squalls, which can be fast moving and may have lightning. These squalls may keep moving in the same direction and you can calculate when they will arrive. But they can sometimes dissipate, change course, or stay where they are. There are also larger weather systems to consider. These tend to be slower moving but can have seas โkicking up,โ increased wind speeds, and lightning. These may require seeking some sort of shelter or even docking at a port.
Radar showing an approaching storm system.
Weather has impacted the survey several times during this cruise. One of the most memorable was when I was working my shift and we were told to expect a long delay due to the weather. After about 30-45 minutes we were told to go ahead and bait the hooks and lay the longline. It takes about 2 ยฝ hours to run a station from putting the first hook in, to pulling the last one out of the water. The weather was beautiful and the seas were relatively calm during the station. Within a few minutes of finishing, the winds began to kick up as a system approached. In my estimation, these were pretty amazing calculations by Lieutenant Commander Pryor who was Officer of the Deck (OOD) for the haul.
The other incident to include here was a larger storm system that we were told on a Tuesday would arrive on Friday. Sure enough, it did. We headed in for cover near Cape Fear, NC. In this case, all fishing stopped and we sailed in an oval pattern keeping the waves to the bow or stern as much as possible. This led to a work stoppage of about 36 hours. In both cases careful calculations were made to keep the crew safe and maximize mission success.
Meet the Crew: Taniya Wallace, Fish Biologist
Fish biologist Taniya Wallace unhooks a small shark
Taniya Wallace is a fish biologist contractor on the science team here on Oregon II. Taniya hails from Ocean Springs, Mississippi, where she grew up and still lives. Her mother is a teacher and her father works in naval ship design. Taniya credits her 6th grade teacher with first inspiring her interest in science. She says, โScience challenged my mind and made me wonder how things worked.โ
After graduating high school, she got a summer internship at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory where she developed an interest in marine biology. Taniya attended Mississippi Valley State University in Itta Bena, Mississippi. She played softball for her university and they won the Southwestern Athletic Conference championship three years in a row! At Mississippi Valley State, she earned a degree in biology with a minor in chemistry.
Taniya works on a computer
After college she was hired as a contractor during the Deepwater Horizon disaster working on small boats trawling for fish and crustaceans to gather samples for NOAA Fisheries Seafood Inspection program. This was a three month contract.
Next, she was contracted to work with NOAA for the Plankton Unit for the next four years. On the surveys, she worked with the team to collect plankton (microscopic organisms) in three different sized nets. Then, back in the lab, she sorted and identified decapods (crabs, lobster, shrimp) and red snapper.
In 2014, she moved to the trawl survey. In this survey, they pulled a large net behind the boat and caught a variety of marine animals. They sort, identify and record measurements on what they find on the boat. Back at the lab, they would identify unknown species. This included different kinds of fish as well as invertebrates. She explained to me that the science team uses only scientific names so, often, she may not know the common name of species she is cataloging.
Here on the shark and red snapper survey her computer and data entry skills are evident. She catalogs otoliths (ear bones) and other parts quickly and easily. I am not sure if patience, kindness and equanimity are requirements of her job but she, like the other members of the science crew, excels in these qualities. And, her shark handling skills are really impressive.
Personal Log: A very exciting haul!
Every day continues to be full of new experiences and animals. Yesterday, there was a haul which on paper would look pretty boring but it proved to be anything but. First, we brought up a royal sea star ( Astropecten articulatus), a beautiful hand sized star with cream colored feet, with orange edges filled by a deep purple band. I half expected Trey, our lead on the science team, to claim it for Clemson. (Go tigers! Or, is that LSU? Yes, there is a school rivalry playing out among the science team.)
Royal sea star
Hook number 33 had a feisty seven foot nurse shark. The next shark, a nearly seven foot sandbar shark, was on hook number 43.
Hook number 49 had a baby tiger shark that was being pursued by a great hammerhead. The hammerhead was closing in on its prey when the gangion tightened and the tiger shark was hauled out of the water. I cannot say what was in the hammerheadโs brain, but it was certainly animated. For the next few minutes, it searched in vain for the tiger shark, circling and making several passes on the starboard side of the ship and showing its dorsal fin.
Hammerhead, thwarted in pursuit
Confusion? Anger? We can only speculate but I can imagine how strange the situation was from the hammerheadโs point of view. โJust another second and then, yum. Waitโฆ where did it go?โ I know this is purely unscientific and I am anthropomorphising (giving human characteristics to animals) but it really was a sight to witness.
Now where did that darn fish go? I know its here somewhere.
Later on that same haul, we hooked into a large tiger shark. It is not unusual to see a shark sucker or cobia, maybe two, hanging out around the shark as we bring it in. We have even caught a shark sucker on a hook. But this tiger had at least 10 cobia following it in.
A group of cobia following a tiger shark. Photo credit: NOAA Corps Lieutenant Junior Grade Cassidy Ring
She was big and had no intention of getting tagged.
She broke the line, and we were not able to measure and tag her. In this haul, only one fish was landed, but each of those events excited all involved and will be remembered and shared long into the future.
Enjoying some time off shift.
Animals seen: Shark sucker, royal sea star, brittle star, sea fan, nurse shark, cobia, royal tern
Did you know? Sometimes hammerhead sharks swim on their sides.
(*) This is a chart of abbreviations that I refer to when I go the the bridge to record the weather .
This image shows the progress of the hydrographic survey off the coast of Presque Isle.
Science and Technology Log
The ship is driven from the Bridge. It is the main control center of the ship. It is driven by a variety of people and computers. People who drive the ship include: the Commanding Officer (CO), Conning Officer (CONN), Officer of the Deck (OOD), and several helmsmen. There are several (at least two) people on the Bridge all the time. If Thomas Jefferson were a six-story building, the Bridge would be on the top floor. Being on the 6th floor has its pros and cons. Seeing, avoiding, and communicating with other boats in the area is very important. One can see far and wide from up there! One disadvantage is that things really rock โn roll up there when we are in heavy seas!
NOAA Ship Thomas Jeffersonโs Commanding Officer (CO) Jaskoski
According to a popular career website (Your Free Career Test), โA ship captain is in command of water vessels in lakes, oceans, coastal waters, rivers, or bays. They ensure the safe and efficient operations of vessels. A ship captain navigates their vessel according to weather conditions and uses radar, depth finders, radios, buoys, lights, and even lighthouses. They determine sufficient levels of oxygen, hydraulic fluid, or air pressure of the vessel.โ
Are you interested in having a career as a ship captain of a seagoing vessel?ย Watch the following video to see if you have what it takes!
How about a career at sea?
The Bridge has many windows, and is filled with instruments, computers, and reference manuals.
Following are pictures of what is used to navigate and drive the ship. Each picture is followed by a brief description.
Thomas Jefferson has two radars
Radar is one of the most important tools on the Bridge. It allows us to see objects, ships, obstructions โ basically anything we could run into (on the surface). TJ has two radars. The X-band radar is used for higher resolution pictures and things in closer range. The S-band radar is used to see objects further away.
The Officer of the Deck (OOD) and Conning Officer (CONN) use the Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) function of the radar to identify โtargetsโ or other ships in the area. It is used to track their relative motion to see which way and how fast they are headed with respect to TJ. The ARPA calculates the closest point of approach (CPA) and time to CPA. This tells you if there is the potential of a collision. The result is to change course, change speed, contact the other ship, or anything to reduce the risk of a collision.
If there is the potential for a collision, the OOD or CONN may contact the vessel and make a passing arrangement. However, since TJ is conducting operations, they may also make a Security announcement to let other vessels know their whereabouts and status. (Sรฉcuritรฉ is French for โsecurityโ and is pronounced se-cur-i-tay.) According to Wikipedia, โOf the three distress and urgency calls, Sรฉcuritรฉ is the least urgent.
Sรฉcuritรฉ: A radio call that usually issues navigational warnings, meteorological warnings, and any other warning needing to be issued that may concern the safety of life at sea yet may not be particularly life-threatening.
Pan-pan: This is the second most important call. This call is made when there is an emergency aboard a vessel, yet there is no immediate danger to life, or the safety of the vessel itself. This includes, but is not limited to injuries on deck, imminent collision that has not yet occurred, or being unsure of vessel’s position.
Mayday: This is the most important call that can be made, since it directly concerns a threat to life or the vessel. Some instances when this call would be made are, but not limited to death, collision, and fire at sea. When the Mayday call is made, the vessel is requiring immediate assistance.โ
Last evening, the CONN made a Sรฉcuritรฉ announcement because the position, direction, and speed of a dredging vessel and the TJ were at risk of a collision. As soon as the announcement was made, the dredging vessel altered its course and the TJ slowed down a bit. We averted the collision with a very large margin.
A close-up view of one portion of the radar.
Above is a close-up view of just one portion of the radar.
HDG = Heading of the ship (per gyrocompass)
SPD = Speed in knots
COG = Course over ground ***
SOG = Speed over ground ***
The yellow numbers represent degrees of latitude and longitude.
(*** These parameters are course and speed after the influence of wind and current have been taken into account.)
Speed at sea is measured in knots. One knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour or approximately 1.15 miles per hour.
Distance at sea is measured in nautical miles. The nautical mile is based on the Earth’s longitude and latitude coordinates, with one nautical mile equaling one minute of latitude. A nautical mile is slightly longer than a mile on land, equaling 1.15 land-measured (or statute) miles.
A combination of monitors showing and Electronic Charting System (ECS) and the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)
The lower monitor and keyboard are the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). It displays Electronic Navigation Charts (ENCs). This system allows officers on deck to see where they are in real-time. It can be updated frequently when new information regarding navigation (buoys, obstructions, depths, etc.) are charted. It has all but replaced paper carts.
Search lights and communication systems
The two panels on the left control the starboard and port side searchlights. Upper right is a fathometer. It is the less sophisticated echo sounder used to measure depth below the keel when we are transiting (moving from place to place) and not surveying.
Lower right, you will find the intercom that is used to communicate between the Bridge and the Data Acquisition desk in the Survey room.
This communications VHF radio is set on channel 16.
This radio is used to communicate with other ships in the area. Information to and from the US Coast Guard is also shared through this device.
This monitor shows where data have been collected.
This monitor shows what is going on with a software called โHypackโ. It displays data that has been collected. It helps hydrographers and those driving the ship to visually keep track of where data has been collected. Also, it feeds information to the autopilot which allows the ship to stay on the course while surveying, without having to steer in hand or adjust based on distance from the line.
The shipโs wheel
This is where the Helmsman stands and steers the ship. The Helmsman takes his/her orders from the Conning Officer. This officer is responsible for instructing the helmsman on the course to steer. Did you know that ships have autopilot? The helmsman steers the ship when it is turning or doing complicated maneuvers. When the ship is traveling in long straight lines (when we are โmowing the lawnโ), the helmsman turns on the autopilot affectionately called, โNav Navโ. It is called this because the Nav button needs to be pushed twice to activate the system.
This panel controls the power of the main engine that turns the propeller.
The bow thruster control panel
There is a small propeller on the bow called a bow thruster. This panel controls the thruster. It is often used when steering the ship in tight places at slow speeds. I like to think of it as a way to โfine tuneโ the direction of the ship.
There are many compasses on the ship.
This is the magnetic compass that hangs from the ceiling of the Bridge.
This is the LED display of the main compass used in navigation. It uses gyros.
This is a gyrocompass repeater that allows watch standers to take bearings to other vessels or significant points on land. There is one on each side of the bridge.
How did early people navigate the oceans?
The rudder is found aft (behind) of the propeller. Both are under the ship. The helmsman uses the rudder to turn the ship right or left. The rudder moves using hydraulics. The pointer on the display above moves as the rudder moves.
This dial displays the position of the rudder. The rudder is used to turn the ship.
This gauge is physically attached to the rudder.
The rudder is moved using opposing hydraulic systems.
Personal Log
We have had beautiful weather during this leg of the mission. This morning, we had a beautiful red sky at sunrise.
Red sky in the morning? Should I heed warning?
You may be familiar with the saying, โRed sky at night, sailorโs delight. Red sky in the morning, sailorโs warning.โ The Library of Congress states that this concept is also repeated in Shakespeare and in the Bible.
In Shakespeareโs play Venus and Adonis, โLike a red morn that ever yet betokened, Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field. Sorrow to the shepherds, woe unto the birds, Gusts and foul flaws to herdmen and to herds.โ
In the Bible (Matthew XVI: 2-3,) Jesus said, โWhen in evening, ye say, it will be fair weather: For the sky is red. And in the morning, it will be foul weather today; for the sky is red and lowering.โ
Weather lore has been around since people have needed to predict the weather. Several agencies (NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Earth Observatory at NASA, and University of Wisconsin-Madison) have studied the science behind this piece of weather lore.
According to the Library of Congress, โWhen we see a red sky at night, this means that the setting sun is sending its light through a high concentration of dust particles. This usually indicates high pressure and stable air coming in from the west. Basically, good weather will follow.
A red sunrise can mean that a high-pressure system (good weather) has already passed, thus indicating that a storm system (low pressure) may be moving to the east. A morning sky that is deep, fiery red can indicate that there is high water content in the atmosphere. So, rain could be on its way.โ
The beautiful sunrise + the NOAA weather report caused people to believe that we might be in for a weather change.
Looks like rain is coming! Batten down the hatches!
Rain clouds in the distance.
After a morning of surveying closer to shore, the launch came home to roost just in case of bad weather.
Right before the rain hit, I saw a monarch butterfly off the stern of the ship. We were about 5 miles from land. (Full disclosure – I did not take this picture.)
Heavy rain, wind, lightning, and higher waves. Weather decks were secured. This meant that no one could go outside until further notice.
The shipโs whistle is sounded one prolonged signal (4-6 seconds) every 2 minutes indicating that we are in an area of reduced visibility.
For the Little Dawgs . . . (Part 1)
Q: Where is Dewey? Hint: Only a very important person on board is allowed to sit in this chair.
Dewey, have you gotten permission to sit there?
A: Dewey is sitting in the captainโs (Commanding Officerโs) chair in the Bridge. CO Jaskoski gave Dewey permission to sit in the chair . . . just this once because he is so cute.
Dewey chillโn out in the COโs chair
For the Little Dawgs . . . (Part 2)
Q: Where is Dewey? Hint: This is used by the helmsman to drive the ship.
Hang on Dewey! I am afraid that you are too short to do the work of a helmsman.
A: Dewey is sitting on the wheel in the Bridge. Yes, I am afraid that he is too short to do his job.
Watch out all who are in front of the bow! Dewey is trying to drive the ship.
Human-Interest Poll (HIP)
Other = writing letters, napping, or planning future vacations
Questions from students:
Casey M. asked, โHave you found anything shipwrecks yet?โ
LG – Whether we have found something or not, I must respond the same way. It is classified information. I am not allowed to tell you whether we have or have not found anything until I am given permission to do so. Thank you for your curiosity.
Evelyn A. asked, โHave you seen anything that you haven’t seen before on Lake Erie. Also, what is the deepest spot you have seen so far?
LG: During this leg of the survey the deepest we have measured is 28 meters (~ 92 feet) deep. I asked one of my shipmates and she said the deepest she has measured is 999.8 meters (3280 ft or over 1000 yards) deep. Thatโs deeper than 10 football fields!
Iโve had many new experiences and have seen lots of new things on this voyage. The one that stands out for me is that we found a shipwreck. I cannot tell you where we found it – thatโs confidential. It was about 70 meters (230 feet) long – a little shorter than a football field. It looked as if it had been there for a long time.
Gretta S. asked, โDo you ever miss being on land or miss your neighbors (Wink, wink)? How was the movie night? How tall is the ship? Have the waves ever gotten so high you could feel the sea spray on the deck? Have you seen both vertebrates and invertebrates?โ
LG: Yes, I miss my family, cats, and neighbors, however, this is a voyage of a lifetime! The movie night was great. I didnโt stay up to watch the whole movie โ bedtime called. The ship from โkeel to wind birdsโ is about 100 feet. Yes, the waves have gotten high enough to wash up on to the main deck โ especially during a turn. Iโve seen a lot of insects (invertebrates) but few vertebrates unless you count my fellow shipmates and some seagulls!
Josie S. asked, โWhat is your favorite meal on the ship so far? How do you like sleeping on the top bunk in your room on the ship? Did you see any fish in the lake? Are you allowed to have electronics on the ship? I liked the picture of you and Dewey on the ship!!!! You look happy!โ
LG: My favorite meal so far has been prime rib and sweet potatoes. I like sleeping on the top bunk because I have a porthole. My bed is very comfy, and my roommate is nice. I have not seen any fish in the lake; however, we see a lot of seafood in the mess hall (examples: crab legs, cod, grouper, shrimp, oysters, and salmon). Yes, we are allowed to have electronics on the ship. I have my cell phone, computer, a small camera for videos, and voice recorder. We use a lot of technology! I am happy! This has been a wonderful learning experience in so many ways. I cannot wait to share this experience with my students when I return to Dalton. (P.S. I will give Dewey a hug for you.)
Janie S. said, โWe were at Kelleys Island last weekend! When we were there, we saw Canada with our binoculars! Could you see Canada? What other foods did you have on the Thomas Jefferson ship? The deepest lake out of the great lakes would be Lake Superior. And the shallowest lakes out of the great lakes would be Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie.โ
LG: That is very cool that you got the chance to go to Kelleys Island and see Canada.ย During the day, we cannot see Canada from where we are surveying.ย The Operations Officer in Training told me that if you go on the bridge at night, you can see radio towers and lights from the windmills in Canada.ย We are approximately 19 nautical miles (about 22 statute miles) from the nearest point of land in Canada which is Long Point National Wildlife Area in Norfolk County, Ontario.ย We stay mostly 4 to 8 nautical miles north of Presque Isle, PA.ย This link will give you all sorts of information about the depths of the Great Lakes.ย Did you know that Lake Superior is eight times deeper than Lake Erie! As for the part of your questions about what other foods we have on TJ – I decided just to include a panoramic picture of one of our snack shelves. Just suffice it to say that we are very well fed!
A panoramic view of just one of the snack shelves!
Keep those emailed questions coming! I love your questions! Contact me at lgrimm@daltonlocal.org. Be sure to sign your message with your first and last name. Farewell for now!
We are continuing our path due east. We (they) have surveyed 14 different banks and dropped 102 cameras.
*NERD ALERT*
Along the way we have been collecting water samples that contain environmental DNA (eDNA), and mapping at night. Caroline Hornfeck, graduate student at the University of West Florida, is collecting water samples once daily and at additional fixed sites. She is working under Dr. Alexis Janosik, participating in a multiyear study of reef fish in the Gulf of Mexico with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) and NOAA. The projectโs goal is to characterize reef fish diversity in the northwest Gulf of Mexico using molecular tools and techniques.
Environmental DNA is a molecular tool used in aquatic ecosystems. eDNA contains DNA from all organisms in the water column. This DNA can be in the form of gametes (reproductive cells), fish scales, waste, etc. This approach is noninvasive and cost-effective, and does not require contact with the organism. Caroline collects test tubes of water, adds some magical juice that causes a chemical reaction, and the DNA begins to solidify in the test tube. You with me? THIS is real science.
Later in the lab, the eDNA is extracted and the samples are run through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplifies (multiplies) genes and the sample is sent to a lab for additional science. Fancy technology makes millions of copies of the DNA. You piece it all together and use the data to assess reef fish diversity. Essentially, eDNA is like taking attendance in the reef community. Roll call.
I will leave it at that, though itโs much more complex. I am starting to remember why I avoided molecular biology. Caroline, Iโm impressed.
Water collectionAdding ethanoleDNA water samples
Meet the Science Crew
Paul Felts Field Party Chief, Fisheries Biologist
What do you enjoy most about your job? โItโs the field work that I enjoy most. I love being out on the water (in moderation), participating in the various surveys. I have been a part of so many fun surveys โ reef fish, snapper longlines, trawls, plankton, and mammals. I appreciate getting a break from the desk, reviewing footage, and annotating the research. I also enjoy working with the crew and building team camaraderie.โ
What is the coolest animal you have seen or worked with? โItโs tough to decide. I have seen all sorts of cool stuff. One mammal survey we were out on the smaller boat and a sperm whale breached about 100-200 yards from the boat. Later those whales were lying on their sides at the surface with full bellies, seemingly just resting after a meal. The giant stingray and thresher shark are up there on my favorites as well.โ
Paul is the Field Party Chief. Heโs been with NOAA for 21 years. As a Fisheries Biologist at the Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Paul studies fish populations and their impacts. He knows every fish in the sea (or at least close). Out here, Paul coordinates scientific operations. He has to be on every minute of every day, and deal with the crewsโ shenanigans, yet still shows up each morning with a smile on his face, ready to take on the day.
Amanda Ravas Fisheries Biologist
What do you enjoy most about your job? โMy favorite part about my job is being out in the fieldโฆ as long as Iโm not seasick. Because Iโm still so new, I love learning all the ins and outs of the projects, seeing the species Iโve been watching on our videos in person, and hearing stories from other scientists about all the cool projects theyโve been a part of.โ
What is the coolest animal you have seen or worked with? โThe coolest animal Iโve seen while out in the field is a manta ray which followed our boat for a few minutes as we were making our transit back ashore. And I always get super excited seeing any shark species while out at sea.โ
Amanda is a Fisheries Biologist at the Panama City Laboratory. Sheโs been with NOAA for two years. She studies fish populations and their impacts. She may be tiny, but sheโs mighty. Donโt underestimate her. She knows her stuff, and knows it well, and can keep up with the best of them.
Rafael Ortiz Program Support Specialist
What do you enjoy most about your job? โI enjoy being part of the NOAA Fisheries Mission at the MSLABS level. Being an administrator I find myself lucky to participate on various surveys with the scientist. I get to build a great working relationship and many friendships with them. I learn so much from them. Everything from science related topics to personnel life topics. I also feel that they have a higher respect for me than just some admin person.โ
What is the coolest animal you have seen or worked with? โOh so many to list. Iโve seen so much diversity on these surveys that itโs hard to list. Iโm always amazed at what comes out of the ocean and the thought of things Iโve not seen or will never see. Iโm fascinated by the smallest to the biggest ocean animals.โ
Rafael is a Program Support Specialist. He has been with NOAA for seven years. He provides oversight, technical expertise, and support to personnel and field biologists. But donโt let him fool you; heโs a biologist at heart. These scientists are lucky to have him out here at sea. He works hard, and best of all, keeps everyone in good spirits.
Kenneth Wilkinson Electronics Technician
What do you enjoy most about your job? โAll of it. I have done just about every survey โ plankton, sharks, small pelagic, reef fish, Caribbean reef fish, and more. I have worked closely with NOAA enforcement, installing vessel monitoring systems and reporting illegal fishing. Surveillance in the Keys was a lot of fun. I enjoyed being down there. Most recently, I operate NOAA drones.โ
What is the coolest animal you have seen or worked with? โThe first to come to mind is the 12 ft. tiger shark during a longline survey. I also enjoyed building satellite tags and tagging sea turtles.โ
Kenny is an Electronics Technician at the Southeast Fisheries Science Center. He has been with NOAA for 32 YEARS. He handles all the equipment from scientific to shipboard navigation and communication. What would we do without Kenny? This survey, as well as most, relies entirely on the technology. Kenny keeps us in check. I mean heโs the only one that knows what a transmissometer is.
Caroline Hornfeck Graduate Student, University of West Florida
What do you enjoy most about your job? โWhat I enjoy most about being a student in this field, is always adapting and learning new skills that can help me grow as a scientist. Whether that’s in the classroom, research lab at the University of West Florida, or aboard NOAA research vessels.โ
What is the coolest animal you have seen or worked with? โOne of the coolest animals I have seen is a spotted eagle ray. I hope further down in my research career I can work with elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) and implement better conservation management for keystone species.โ
Caroline earned her B.S. in Marine Biology at the University of West Florida. She is pursuing her Masterโs at UWF. She is doing real science out here. Are you even a scientist if you donโt collect DNA? This girl is going places for real.
Personal Log
When 2 or 3 oโclock rolls around, I have to shake things up a bit. Iโve started making rounds just to say hello and see what people are up to. I remind folks that what they do is really cool. I make my way to the bridge usually once or twice to bother them a bit. This is where the ship is commanded. It looks like some sort of spaceship up here. I roam around and try to make sense of the many gadgets and screens. Take a peek out the windows. The sun reflects intensely on the water. Itโs hella bright out here.
Operations Officer, LT Christopher Duffy, asks โDo you want to drive?โ I look over my left shoulder, I look over my right. Oh, heโs talking to me. โUh, yeah I do.โ I have absolutely no clue what I just signed up for. He seems to think I can handle it. I get the run down. The helm is the steering wheel โ check. The main engine controls the propulsion โ check. Then there are the bow thrusters. From what I understand, they are basically propellers on the side of the boat. Iโm not really sure. I just know they improve maneuverability.
Navigation is an art and science. They transit to specific destinations and position and maneuver the ship and make it look easy. Navigators measure the distance on the globe in degrees. If you have forgotten, like I seemed to have, like a circle, the Earth has 360ยฐ. Compasses have four cardinal points (directions), right? โ North (N), East (E), South (S), and West (W). Well, turns out when youโre real official, you use degrees instead of directions. As if directions werenโt confusing enough. LT Duffy, โWhen I say 10ยฐ right, you do just that and confirm when youโre there.โ I can handle that. โTen right.โ I work with LT Duffy to retrieve our next buoy. Huddleston keeps a careful eye. This is fuuunnnnn. โYou ready for a hard right?โ โLike all the way?โ Seems questionable. Oh heโs serious. โHard right rudder.โ SKKKIIIIRRRRRTTTTTTT. Man this thing can move. We Tokyo drift right into position. Nailed it. LT Duffy takes control to finish positioning (I made it easy for him). Iโm grinning ear to ear.
โAre you comfortable giving commands?โ โYep.โ The overconfidence kicks in. First things first, CONN candy. Whatโs that you ask? The officers up here have a secret drawer of tasty treats that theyโve been hiding from us this whole time. Gotta have some before taking command. Wait, what am I doing? LT Duffy explains, โYouโll be giving commands to LTJG, Ariane Huddleston, while she steers.โ Uhhhhhhh. I see the fear in her eyes. โJust repeat after me.โ Huddleston takes the wheel and I โgive commands.โ It clicks. This is my time to shine. I โvery wellโdโ the heck out of those commands. So much fun, thank you crew!
Main EngineHelmBow ThrusterLearning to driveNavigation technologyLT Duffy
Did You Know?
You know all those horrid COVID tests you had to take? You were doinโ science right there. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests genetic material (fluid from the nasal swab). The test detects the virus that causes COVID-19. Scientists use the PCR technology to amplify small amounts of RNA from specimens into DNA, which is replicated until SARS-CoV-2 is detectable if present. Itโs cool stuff guys.
